Pagination

The mobile package provides built-in pagination helpers that work great with mobile clients, supporting both traditional page-based and cursor-based pagination.

Quick Start

Page-Based Pagination

app.Get("/api/users", func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)

    users, total := db.ListUsers(page.Offset(), page.Limit())

    return c.JSON(200, mobile.NewPage(users, page, total))
})

Request: GET /api/users?page=2&per_page=20 Response:

{
  "data": [...],
  "page": 2,
  "per_page": 20,
  "total": 150,
  "total_pages": 8
}

Cursor-Based Pagination

app.Get("/api/feed", func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)

    items, nextCursor := db.ListAfter(page.CursorValue(), page.Limit())
    hasMore := len(items) == page.Limit()

    return c.JSON(200, mobile.NewCursorPage(items, nextCursor, "", hasMore))
})

Request: GET /api/feed?cursor=eyJpZCI6MTAwfQ&limit=20 Response:

{
  "data": [...],
  "next_cursor": "eyJpZCI6MTIwfQ",
  "has_more": true
}

Page Request

The PageRequest type holds pagination parameters:

type PageRequest struct {
    Page    int    // 1-indexed page number
    PerPage int    // Items per page
    Cursor  string // Cursor for cursor-based pagination
    Limit   int    // Limit (same as PerPage, for cursor-based)
}

Parsing Page Requests

page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)

// Query params parsed:
// ?page=2         → page.Page = 2
// ?per_page=20    → page.PerPage = 20
// ?limit=20       → page.Limit = 20
// ?cursor=abc123  → page.Cursor = "abc123"

Default Values

Page: 1
PerPage: 20
Limit: 20
Maximum: 100 (capped automatically)

Page Request Methods

page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)

// Get offset for SQL OFFSET clause
page.Offset()  // (page.Page - 1) * page.PerPage

// Get limit for SQL LIMIT clause
page.Limit()   // page.PerPage (or page.Limit)

// Check if cursor-based
page.IsCursor() // true if Cursor is set

// Get cursor value
page.CursorValue() // decoded cursor string

Page-Based Pagination

Traditional pagination with page numbers and totals.

Response Format

type PageResponse[T any] struct {
    Data       []T `json:"data"`
    Page       int `json:"page"`
    PerPage    int `json:"per_page"`
    Total      int `json:"total"`
    TotalPages int `json:"total_pages"`
}

Creating Page Responses

func listUsers(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)

    // Query database
    users := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users LIMIT ? OFFSET ?",
        page.Limit(), page.Offset())

    total := db.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users")

    return c.JSON(200, mobile.NewPage(users, page, total))
}

With Filtering

func listUsers(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)
    role := c.Query("role")

    var users []User
    var total int

    query := db.Model(&User{})
    if role != "" {
        query = query.Where("role = ?", role)
    }

    query.Count(&total)
    query.Offset(page.Offset()).Limit(page.Limit()).Find(&users)

    return c.JSON(200, mobile.NewPage(users, page, total))
}

With Sorting

func listUsers(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)
    sortBy := c.Query("sort", "created_at")
    order := c.Query("order", "desc")

    users, total := db.ListUsers(
        page.Offset(),
        page.Limit(),
        sortBy,
        order,
    )

    response := mobile.NewPage(users, page, total)

    // Add sorting info to response
    return c.JSON(200, map[string]any{
        "data":        response.Data,
        "page":        response.Page,
        "per_page":    response.PerPage,
        "total":       response.Total,
        "total_pages": response.TotalPages,
        "sort":        sortBy,
        "order":       order,
    })
}

Cursor-Based Pagination

Efficient pagination for infinite scroll and real-time feeds.

Response Format

type CursorResponse[T any] struct {
    Data       []T    `json:"data"`
    NextCursor string `json:"next_cursor,omitempty"`
    PrevCursor string `json:"prev_cursor,omitempty"`
    HasMore    bool   `json:"has_more"`
}

Creating Cursor Responses

func listFeed(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)

    // Parse cursor (e.g., base64 encoded ID)
    var afterID int64
    if page.IsCursor() {
        afterID, _ = decodeCursor(page.CursorValue())
    }

    // Query items after cursor
    items := db.Query(`
        SELECT * FROM posts
        WHERE id > ?
        ORDER BY id
        LIMIT ?
    `, afterID, page.Limit())

    // Generate next cursor from last item
    var nextCursor string
    if len(items) > 0 {
        nextCursor = encodeCursor(items[len(items)-1].ID)
    }

    hasMore := len(items) == page.Limit()

    return c.JSON(200, mobile.NewCursorPage(items, nextCursor, "", hasMore))
}

Bidirectional Cursors

func listMessages(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)
    before := c.Query("before")
    after := c.Query("after")

    var messages []Message
    var prevCursor, nextCursor string

    if after != "" {
        // Load newer messages
        afterID, _ := decodeCursor(after)
        messages = db.Query(`
            SELECT * FROM messages
            WHERE id > ?
            ORDER BY id ASC
            LIMIT ?
        `, afterID, page.Limit())

        if len(messages) > 0 {
            nextCursor = encodeCursor(messages[len(messages)-1].ID)
            prevCursor = encodeCursor(messages[0].ID)
        }
    } else if before != "" {
        // Load older messages
        beforeID, _ := decodeCursor(before)
        messages = db.Query(`
            SELECT * FROM messages
            WHERE id < ?
            ORDER BY id DESC
            LIMIT ?
        `, beforeID, page.Limit())

        // Reverse for chronological order
        slices.Reverse(messages)

        if len(messages) > 0 {
            nextCursor = encodeCursor(messages[len(messages)-1].ID)
            prevCursor = encodeCursor(messages[0].ID)
        }
    } else {
        // Initial load - get latest
        messages = db.Query(`
            SELECT * FROM messages
            ORDER BY id DESC
            LIMIT ?
        `, page.Limit())

        slices.Reverse(messages)

        if len(messages) > 0 {
            nextCursor = encodeCursor(messages[len(messages)-1].ID)
        }
    }

    hasMore := len(messages) == page.Limit()

    return c.JSON(200, mobile.NewCursorPage(
        messages,
        nextCursor,
        prevCursor,
        hasMore,
    ))
}

Timestamp-Based Cursors

func listNotifications(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    page := mobile.ParsePageRequest(c)

    var since time.Time
    if page.IsCursor() {
        since, _ = time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, page.CursorValue())
    }

    notifications := db.Query(`
        SELECT * FROM notifications
        WHERE created_at < ?
        ORDER BY created_at DESC
        LIMIT ?
    `, since, page.Limit())

    var nextCursor string
    if len(notifications) > 0 {
        last := notifications[len(notifications)-1]
        nextCursor = last.CreatedAt.Format(time.RFC3339Nano)
    }

    hasMore := len(notifications) == page.Limit()

    return c.JSON(200, mobile.NewCursorPage(
        notifications,
        nextCursor,
        "",
        hasMore,
    ))
}

Cursor Encoding

Simple ID Cursors

func encodeCursor(id int64) string {
    return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(
        []byte(strconv.FormatInt(id, 10)),
    )
}

func decodeCursor(cursor string) (int64, error) {
    data, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(cursor)
    if err != nil {
        return 0, err
    }
    return strconv.ParseInt(string(data), 10, 64)
}

Composite Cursors

type Cursor struct {
    ID        int64     `json:"id"`
    CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
}

func encodeCursor(c Cursor) string {
    data, _ := json.Marshal(c)
    return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
}

func decodeCursor(s string) (Cursor, error) {
    var c Cursor
    data, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(s)
    if err != nil {
        return c, err
    }
    err = json.Unmarshal(data, &c)
    return c, err
}

When to Use Each

Page-Based Pagination

Use when:

Displaying page numbers (1, 2, 3…)
Users need to jump to specific pages
Total count is needed
Data is relatively stable

Avoid when:

Real-time feeds with frequent insertions
Large datasets (counting is expensive)
Infinite scroll UX

Cursor-Based Pagination

Use when:

Infinite scroll UI
Real-time feeds
Large datasets
Data changes frequently

Avoid when:

Need to show page numbers
Need to jump to specific pages
Total count is required

Client Implementation

iOS (Swift)

// Page-based
struct PageResponse<T: Decodable>: Decodable {
    let data: [T]
    let page: Int
    let perPage: Int
    let total: Int
    let totalPages: Int

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case data, page, total
        case perPage = "per_page"
        case totalPages = "total_pages"
    }
}

// Cursor-based
struct CursorResponse<T: Decodable>: Decodable {
    let data: [T]
    let nextCursor: String?
    let prevCursor: String?
    let hasMore: Bool

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case data
        case nextCursor = "next_cursor"
        case prevCursor = "prev_cursor"
        case hasMore = "has_more"
    }
}

class FeedViewModel: ObservableObject {
    @Published var items: [FeedItem] = []
    @Published var hasMore = true
    @Published var isLoading = false

    private var cursor: String?

    func loadMore() async {
        guard !isLoading, hasMore else { return }
        isLoading = true

        var endpoint = "/api/feed?limit=20"
        if let cursor = cursor {
            endpoint += "&cursor=\(cursor)"
        }

        let response: CursorResponse<FeedItem> = try await api.get(endpoint)

        items.append(contentsOf: response.data)
        cursor = response.nextCursor
        hasMore = response.hasMore
        isLoading = false
    }
}

Android (Kotlin)

// Page-based
data class PageResponse<T>(
    val data: List<T>,
    val page: Int,
    @SerializedName("per_page") val perPage: Int,
    val total: Int,
    @SerializedName("total_pages") val totalPages: Int
)

// Cursor-based
data class CursorResponse<T>(
    val data: List<T>,
    @SerializedName("next_cursor") val nextCursor: String?,
    @SerializedName("prev_cursor") val prevCursor: String?,
    @SerializedName("has_more") val hasMore: Boolean
)

class FeedPagingSource(
    private val api: ApiService
) : PagingSource<String, FeedItem>() {

    override suspend fun load(params: LoadParams<String>): LoadResult<String, FeedItem> {
        return try {
            val response = api.getFeed(
                cursor = params.key,
                limit = params.loadSize
            )

            LoadResult.Page(
                data = response.data,
                prevKey = response.prevCursor,
                nextKey = if (response.hasMore) response.nextCursor else null
            )
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            LoadResult.Error(e)
        }
    }
}

Flutter (Dart)

class PageResponse<T> {
  final List<T> data;
  final int page;
  final int perPage;
  final int total;
  final int totalPages;

  PageResponse({
    required this.data,
    required this.page,
    required this.perPage,
    required this.total,
    required this.totalPages,
  });
}

class CursorResponse<T> {
  final List<T> data;
  final String? nextCursor;
  final String? prevCursor;
  final bool hasMore;

  CursorResponse({
    required this.data,
    this.nextCursor,
    this.prevCursor,
    required this.hasMore,
  });
}

class FeedNotifier extends StateNotifier<FeedState> {
  String? _cursor;

  Future<void> loadMore() async {
    if (state.isLoading || !state.hasMore) return;

    state = state.copyWith(isLoading: true);

    final response = await api.getFeed(cursor: _cursor, limit: 20);

    state = state.copyWith(
      items: [...state.items, ...response.data],
      hasMore: response.hasMore,
      isLoading: false,
    );

    _cursor = response.nextCursor;
  }
}

Next Steps

Offline Sync

Delta synchronization for offline-first apps

Structured Errors

Consistent error responses

API Reference

Complete API documentation

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Backend Features

Native Platforms

Cross-Platform

Web & Games

Deployment

Templates

Reference

Quick Start

Page Request

Parsing Page Requests

Default Values

Page Request Methods

Response Format

Creating Page Responses

With Filtering

With Sorting

Response Format

Creating Cursor Responses

Bidirectional Cursors

Timestamp-Based Cursors

Cursor Encoding

Simple ID Cursors

Composite Cursors

When to Use Each

Client Implementation

iOS (Swift)

Android (Kotlin)

Flutter (Dart)

Next Steps

Offline Sync

Structured Errors

API Reference

​Quick Start

​Page-Based Pagination

​Cursor-Based Pagination

​Page Request

​Parsing Page Requests

​Default Values

​Page Request Methods

​Page-Based Pagination

​Response Format

​Creating Page Responses

​With Filtering

​With Sorting

​Cursor-Based Pagination

​Response Format

​Creating Cursor Responses

​Bidirectional Cursors

​Timestamp-Based Cursors

​Cursor Encoding

​Simple ID Cursors

​Composite Cursors

​When to Use Each

​Page-Based Pagination

​Cursor-Based Pagination

​Client Implementation

​iOS (Swift)

​Android (Kotlin)

​Flutter (Dart)

​Next Steps

Offline Sync

Structured Errors

API Reference

Quick Start

Page-Based Pagination

Cursor-Based Pagination

Page Request

Parsing Page Requests

Default Values

Page Request Methods

Page-Based Pagination

Response Format

Creating Page Responses

With Filtering

With Sorting

Cursor-Based Pagination

Response Format

Creating Cursor Responses

Bidirectional Cursors

Timestamp-Based Cursors

Cursor Encoding

Simple ID Cursors

Composite Cursors

When to Use Each

Page-Based Pagination

Cursor-Based Pagination

Client Implementation

iOS (Swift)

Android (Kotlin)

Flutter (Dart)

Next Steps