Fingerprint - 💧 Mizu

Overview

The fingerprint middleware generates unique fingerprints for incoming requests based on headers, IP addresses, and other request attributes. Useful for bot detection, analytics, and rate limiting.

Installation

import "github.com/go-mizu/mizu/middlewares/fingerprint"

Quick Start

app := mizu.New()
app.Use(fingerprint.New())

app.Get("/", func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    hash := fingerprint.Hash(c)
    return c.JSON(200, map[string]string{"fingerprint": hash})
})

Configuration

Option	Type	Default	Description
`Headers`	`[]string`	Common headers	Headers to include
`IncludeIP`	`bool`	`true`	Include client IP
`IncludeMethod`	`bool`	`false`	Include HTTP method
`IncludePath`	`bool`	`false`	Include request path
`Custom`	`func(*mizu.Ctx) map[string]string`	-	Custom components

Default Headers

[]string{
    "User-Agent",
    "Accept",
    "Accept-Language",
    "Accept-Encoding",
    "Connection",
    "Sec-Ch-Ua",
    "Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile",
    "Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform",
}

Examples

Basic Usage

app.Use(fingerprint.New())

app.Get("/", func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    info := fingerprint.Get(c)
    return c.JSON(200, map[string]any{
        "hash":       info.Hash,
        "components": info.Components,
    })
})

With IP Address

app.Use(fingerprint.WithIP())

// Fingerprint includes client IP

Headers Only

app.Use(fingerprint.HeadersOnly(
    "User-Agent",
    "Accept-Language",
))

Full Fingerprint

app.Use(fingerprint.Full())
// Includes IP, method, path, and all default headers

Custom Headers

app.Use(fingerprint.WithOptions(fingerprint.Options{
    Headers: []string{
        "User-Agent",
        "Accept",
        "Accept-Language",
        "Accept-Encoding",
        "X-Custom-Header",
    },
}))

Include Request Path

app.Use(fingerprint.WithOptions(fingerprint.Options{
    IncludeIP:     true,
    IncludeMethod: true,
    IncludePath:   true,
}))

Custom Components

app.Use(fingerprint.WithOptions(fingerprint.Options{
    Custom: func(c *mizu.Ctx) map[string]string {
        return map[string]string{
            "session_id": c.Cookie("session_id"),
            "user_id":    getUserID(c),
        }
    },
}))

Rate Limiting by Fingerprint

app.Use(fingerprint.New())

var requestCounts = make(map[string]int)
var mu sync.Mutex

app.Use(func(next mizu.Handler) mizu.Handler {
    return func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
        hash := fingerprint.Hash(c)

        mu.Lock()
        requestCounts[hash]++
        count := requestCounts[hash]
        mu.Unlock()

        if count > 100 {
            return c.Text(429, "Rate limit exceeded")
        }

        return next(c)
    }
})

Bot Detection

app.Use(fingerprint.New())

// Known bot fingerprints
var knownBots = map[string]bool{
    "abc123...": true,
    "def456...": true,
}

app.Use(func(next mizu.Handler) mizu.Handler {
    return func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
        hash := fingerprint.Hash(c)

        if knownBots[hash] {
            return c.Text(403, "Bot detected")
        }

        return next(c)
    }
})

Analytics Tracking

app.Use(fingerprint.New())

app.Use(func(next mizu.Handler) mizu.Handler {
    return func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
        info := fingerprint.Get(c)

        // Track unique visitors
        analytics.TrackVisitor(info.Hash, map[string]any{
            "path":       c.Request().URL.Path,
            "components": info.Components,
        })

        return next(c)
    }
})

Session Correlation

app.Use(fingerprint.WithOptions(fingerprint.Options{
    IncludeIP: true,
    Custom: func(c *mizu.Ctx) map[string]string {
        return map[string]string{
            "session": c.Cookie("session_id"),
        }
    },
}))

app.Get("/", func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    hash := fingerprint.Hash(c)

    // Correlate with existing sessions
    existingSession := findSession(hash)
    if existingSession != nil {
        return c.JSON(200, existingSession)
    }

    // Create new session
    return c.JSON(200, createSession(hash))
})

Debugging Fingerprint

app.Get("/debug/fingerprint", func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    info := fingerprint.Get(c)

    return c.JSON(200, map[string]any{
        "hash":       info.Hash,
        "components": info.Components,
    })
})

Response:

{
    "hash": "a1b2c3d4e5f6...",
    "components": {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0...",
        "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml...",
        "Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.9",
        "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
        "IP": "192.168.1.1"
    }
}

Fraud Detection

app.Use(fingerprint.Full())

app.Post("/checkout", func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
    hash := fingerprint.Hash(c)
    userID := c.Get("user_id").(string)

    // Check if fingerprint is associated with fraud
    if isFraudulent(hash) {
        return c.JSON(403, map[string]string{
            "error": "Transaction blocked",
        })
    }

    // Check for fingerprint/account mismatch
    if !matchesUser(hash, userID) {
        flagForReview(userID, hash)
    }

    return processCheckout(c)
})

Info Structure

type Info struct {
    Hash       string            // SHA256 hash of components
    Components map[string]string // Individual fingerprint components
}

API Reference

func New() mizu.Middleware
func WithOptions(opts Options) mizu.Middleware
func HeadersOnly(headers ...string) mizu.Middleware
func WithIP() mizu.Middleware
func Full() mizu.Middleware
func Get(c *mizu.Ctx) *Info
func Hash(c *mizu.Ctx) string

Hash Algorithm

The fingerprint hash is generated by:

Collecting all components (headers, IP, etc.)
Sorting component keys alphabetically
Concatenating as key:value|key:value|...
Computing SHA256 hash
Returning hex-encoded string

Technical Details

Implementation Architecture

The fingerprint middleware uses a context-based storage mechanism to preserve fingerprint information throughout the request lifecycle. The implementation follows these key design principles: Context Storage

Uses a private contextKey struct type to avoid collisions with other middleware
Stores fingerprint information in the request context as an *Info pointer
Information persists across the entire middleware chain

Hash Generation Algorithm

Deterministic hashing through alphabetical key sorting
Uses SHA256 cryptographic hash function
Produces 64-character hexadecimal strings
Format: key1:value1|key2:value2|...|keyN:valueN

Component Collection The middleware collects fingerprint components in the following order:

Headers: Iterates through configured header list
IP Address: Extracted via getClientIP() helper
HTTP Method: Request method if enabled
Request Path: URL path if enabled
Custom Components: User-defined function results

IP Address Detection The getClientIP() function implements a priority-based IP extraction:

First checks X-Forwarded-For header (takes first IP in comma-separated list)
Falls back to X-Real-IP header
Finally uses RemoteAddr from the request

Performance Considerations

Minimal memory allocation through pre-sized maps
String builder for efficient concatenation
Single-pass component collection
Lazy evaluation: hash only computed once during middleware execution

Thread Safety

The middleware is thread-safe as each request receives its own context and Info struct. No shared state exists between requests.

Best Practices

Use minimal headers for privacy compliance
Don’t rely solely on fingerprints for authentication
Store fingerprints hashed, not raw
Combine with other signals for bot detection
Consider GDPR implications when storing fingerprints
Use for analytics and fraud detection, not tracking

Testing

The fingerprint middleware includes comprehensive test coverage for all configuration options and edge cases:

Test Case	Description	Expected Behavior
`TestNew`	Default middleware initialization	Generates fingerprint hash from default headers (User-Agent, Accept, etc.)
`TestWithOptions_IncludeIP`	IP address inclusion	Captures client IP from RemoteAddr and includes in components
`TestWithOptions_IncludeMethod`	HTTP method inclusion	Includes HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.) in fingerprint components
`TestWithOptions_IncludePath`	Request path inclusion	Captures and includes the full request path in components
`TestWithOptions_Custom`	Custom component function	Executes custom function and merges returned map into components
`TestHash`	Hash function retrieval	Returns 64-character SHA256 hex string via Hash() helper
`TestConsistentHash`	Hash consistency	Identical requests produce identical hash values
`TestHeadersOnly`	Custom header filtering	Only includes specified headers, excludes others (e.g., User-Agent)
`TestWithIP`	WithIP() helper function	Enables IP inclusion using convenience function
`TestFull`	Full() comprehensive mode	Includes IP, Method, Path, and all default headers
`TestXForwardedFor`	X-Forwarded-For header parsing	Extracts first IP from comma-separated list in X-Forwarded-For header

Test Coverage

All test cases validate:

Correct component extraction and storage
Proper context propagation
Hash generation and consistency
Configuration option handling
Edge cases (empty headers, missing values, etc.)

realip - Client IP extraction
ratelimit - Rate limiting
ipfilter - IP filtering

Overview

Authentication

Security

Rate Limiting & Resilience

Request Processing

Response Processing

Caching

URL Handling

Networking & Proxy

Request Context

Real-time

Static Files

Operations & Monitoring

Advanced

Connection & Protocol

Internationalization

External Integrations

Bot & Client Detection

​Overview

​Installation

​Quick Start

​Configuration

​Default Headers

​Examples

​Basic Usage

​With IP Address

​Headers Only

​Full Fingerprint

​Custom Headers

​Include Request Path

​Custom Components

​Rate Limiting by Fingerprint

​Bot Detection

​Analytics Tracking

​Session Correlation

​Debugging Fingerprint

​Fraud Detection

​Info Structure

​API Reference

​Hash Algorithm

​Technical Details

​Implementation Architecture

​Performance Considerations

​Thread Safety

​Best Practices

​Testing

​Test Coverage

​Related Middlewares

Overview

Installation

Quick Start

Configuration

Default Headers

Examples

Basic Usage

With IP Address

Headers Only

Full Fingerprint

Custom Headers

Include Request Path

Custom Components

Rate Limiting by Fingerprint

Bot Detection

Analytics Tracking

Session Correlation

Debugging Fingerprint

Fraud Detection

Info Structure

API Reference

Hash Algorithm

Technical Details

Implementation Architecture

Performance Considerations

Thread Safety

Best Practices

Testing

Test Coverage

Related Middlewares