Rate Limit - 💧 Mizu

Overview

The ratelimit middleware implements token bucket rate limiting to control request rates. It protects your application from abuse, ensures fair usage, and prevents resource exhaustion. Use it when you need:

API rate limiting
Protection against brute force attacks
Fair usage enforcement
Resource protection

Installation

import "github.com/go-mizu/mizu/middlewares/ratelimit"

Quick Start

app := mizu.New()

// 100 requests per minute
app.Use(ratelimit.PerMinute(100))

Configuration

Options

Option	Type	Default	Description
`Rate`	`int`	`100`	Requests allowed per interval
`Interval`	`time.Duration`	`1m`	Time window
`Burst`	`int`	Same as Rate	Maximum burst capacity
`KeyFunc`	`func(*mizu.Ctx) string`	Client IP	Rate limit key extractor
`Headers`	`bool`	`true`	Include rate limit headers
`ErrorHandler`	`func(*mizu.Ctx) error`	-	Custom error handler
`Skip`	`func(*mizu.Ctx) bool`	-	Skip rate limiting

Examples

Basic Rate Limiting

// 100 requests per minute per IP
app.Use(ratelimit.PerMinute(100))

// 10 requests per second
app.Use(ratelimit.PerSecond(10))

// 1000 requests per hour
app.Use(ratelimit.PerHour(1000))

Custom Rate and Interval

// 50 requests per 30 seconds
app.Use(ratelimit.New(50, 30*time.Second))

With Burst

// Allow burst of 200, refill at 100/minute
app.Use(ratelimit.WithOptions(ratelimit.Options{
    Rate:     100,
    Interval: time.Minute,
    Burst:    200,
}))

Rate Limit by API Key

app.Use(ratelimit.WithOptions(ratelimit.Options{
    Rate:     1000,
    Interval: time.Hour,
    KeyFunc: func(c *mizu.Ctx) string {
        // Use API key instead of IP
        return c.Request().Header.Get("X-API-Key")
    },
}))

Rate Limit by User

app.Use(ratelimit.WithOptions(ratelimit.Options{
    Rate:     100,
    Interval: time.Minute,
    KeyFunc: func(c *mizu.Ctx) string {
        if user := GetUser(c); user != nil {
            return user.ID
        }
        return c.ClientIP() // Fallback to IP
    },
}))

Skip Certain Requests

app.Use(ratelimit.WithOptions(ratelimit.Options{
    Rate:     100,
    Interval: time.Minute,
    Skip: func(c *mizu.Ctx) bool {
        // Skip health checks
        if c.Request().URL.Path == "/health" {
            return true
        }
        // Skip authenticated admins
        if user := GetUser(c); user != nil && user.IsAdmin {
            return true
        }
        return false
    },
}))

Custom Error Handler

app.Use(ratelimit.WithOptions(ratelimit.Options{
    Rate:     100,
    Interval: time.Minute,
    ErrorHandler: func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
        return c.JSON(429, map[string]any{
            "error":       "Rate limit exceeded",
            "retry_after": c.Header().Get("Retry-After"),
        })
    },
}))

Disable Headers

app.Use(ratelimit.WithOptions(ratelimit.Options{
    Rate:     100,
    Interval: time.Minute,
    Headers:  false, // Don't include rate limit headers
}))

Different Limits for Different Routes

// Global: 100 requests/minute
app.Use(ratelimit.PerMinute(100))

// API: More restrictive
api := app.Group("/api")
api.Use(ratelimit.PerMinute(60))

// Expensive operations: Very restrictive
app.Post("/api/export", exportHandler, ratelimit.PerMinute(5))

Tiered Rate Limits

func tierRateLimit() mizu.Middleware {
    free := ratelimit.WithOptions(ratelimit.Options{
        Rate: 100, Interval: time.Hour,
        KeyFunc: func(c *mizu.Ctx) string { return "free:" + c.ClientIP() },
    })

    pro := ratelimit.WithOptions(ratelimit.Options{
        Rate: 10000, Interval: time.Hour,
        KeyFunc: func(c *mizu.Ctx) string { return "pro:" + GetUser(c).ID },
    })

    return func(next mizu.Handler) mizu.Handler {
        return func(c *mizu.Ctx) error {
            user := GetUser(c)
            if user != nil && user.Plan == "pro" {
                return pro(next)(c)
            }
            return free(next)(c)
        }
    }
}

Custom Store

// Implement Store interface for Redis, etc.
type redisStore struct {
    client *redis.Client
}

func (s *redisStore) Allow(key string, rate int, interval time.Duration, burst int) (bool, ratelimit.RateLimitInfo) {
    // Redis implementation
}

app.Use(ratelimit.WithStore(&redisStore{client}, ratelimit.Options{
    Rate:     100,
    Interval: time.Minute,
}))

Response Headers

When Headers is enabled (default), these headers are included:

Header	Description
`X-RateLimit-Limit`	Maximum requests allowed
`X-RateLimit-Remaining`	Remaining requests in window
`X-RateLimit-Reset`	Unix timestamp when limit resets
`Retry-After`	Seconds until retry (when limited)

API Reference

Functions

// Convenience constructors
func PerSecond(n int) mizu.Middleware
func PerMinute(n int) mizu.Middleware
func PerHour(n int) mizu.Middleware

// Custom rate and interval
func New(rate int, interval time.Duration) mizu.Middleware

// Full configuration
func WithOptions(opts Options) mizu.Middleware

// Custom store
func WithStore(store Store, opts Options) mizu.Middleware

Store Interface

type Store interface {
    Allow(key string, rate int, interval time.Duration, burst int) (bool, RateLimitInfo)
}

RateLimitInfo

type RateLimitInfo struct {
    Limit     int
    Remaining int
    Reset     time.Time
}

Token Bucket Algorithm

The middleware uses the token bucket algorithm:

Bucket starts full with Burst tokens
Requests consume one token
Tokens refill at Rate per Interval
Burst allows temporary spikes

Bucket: [████████████] 100 tokens
Request → [███████████ ] 99 tokens
Request → [██████████  ] 98 tokens
...
Refill  → [████████████] 100 tokens (after interval)

Technical Details

The rate limit middleware implements the token bucket algorithm, a sophisticated approach for managing request rates with support for burst traffic. The implementation details are as follows:

Token Bucket Implementation

The algorithm maintains a bucket of tokens for each rate limit key:

Initialization: Each bucket starts with Burst tokens (default equals Rate)
Token Consumption: Each request consumes exactly one token from the bucket
Token Refill: Tokens are added continuously based on elapsed time:
- Refill rate: Rate / Interval tokens per second
- Formula: tokensToAdd = (Rate * elapsedSeconds) / intervalSeconds
Capacity Limit: Bucket capacity is capped at Burst tokens to prevent unlimited accumulation
Request Decision: Request is allowed if bucket has at least 1 token available

In-Memory Store

The default MemoryStore provides:

Thread Safety: Uses sync.Mutex for concurrent access protection
Per-Key Tracking: Maintains separate buckets for each key (IP, user ID, API key, etc.)
Automatic Cleanup: Background goroutine removes stale buckets after 10 minutes of inactivity
Fractional Tokens: Uses float64 for precise token calculations during refills

Rate Limit Information

For each request, the middleware calculates and returns:

Limit: Maximum requests allowed per interval (from Rate option)
Remaining: Current token count (floored to nearest integer)
Reset: Timestamp when bucket will be full again (current time + Interval)

Best Practices

Set reasonable limits based on expected usage
Use different limits for different endpoints
Include rate limit headers for client awareness
Monitor rate limit hits for tuning
Consider user tiers for fair access

Testing

The rate limit middleware includes comprehensive test coverage for all functionality:

Test Case	Description	Expected Behavior
`TestNew`	Basic rate limiting with IP-based keys	First N requests succeed, subsequent requests return 429; different IPs tracked separately
`TestWithOptions_Headers`	Rate limit headers in response	Headers include X-RateLimit-Limit, X-RateLimit-Remaining, and X-RateLimit-Reset
`TestWithOptions_ErrorHandler`	Custom error handler for rate limit exceeded	Custom error handler called instead of default when limit exceeded
`TestWithOptions_KeyFunc`	Custom key extraction function	Rate limits applied per custom key (e.g., API key) instead of IP
`TestWithOptions_Skip`	Skip rate limiting for certain requests	Requests matching skip condition bypass rate limiting
`TestWithOptions_RetryAfter`	Retry-After header on rate limit	Retry-After header included when request is rate limited
`TestPerSecond`	PerSecond convenience function	Middleware created with per-second interval
`TestPerMinute`	PerMinute convenience function	Middleware created with per-minute interval
`TestPerHour`	PerHour convenience function	Middleware created with per-hour interval
`TestMemoryStore_Allow`	Token bucket allows/denies requests	Allows up to limit, denies when bucket empty
`TestMemoryStore_TokenRefill`	Token bucket refills over time	Tokens refill after interval allowing new requests
`TestMemoryStore_DifferentKeys`	Different keys have independent buckets	Exhausting one key doesn’t affect other keys

circuitbreaker - Circuit breaker pattern
timeout - Request timeout

Overview

Authentication

Security

Rate Limiting & Resilience

Request Processing

Response Processing

Caching

URL Handling

Networking & Proxy

Request Context

Real-time

Static Files

Operations & Monitoring

Advanced

Connection & Protocol

Internationalization

External Integrations

Bot & Client Detection

​Overview

​Installation

​Quick Start

​Configuration

​Options

​Examples

​Basic Rate Limiting

​Custom Rate and Interval

​With Burst

​Rate Limit by API Key

​Rate Limit by User

​Skip Certain Requests

​Custom Error Handler

​Disable Headers

​Different Limits for Different Routes

​Tiered Rate Limits

​Custom Store

​Response Headers

​API Reference

​Functions

​Store Interface

​RateLimitInfo

​Token Bucket Algorithm

​Technical Details

​Token Bucket Implementation

​In-Memory Store

​Rate Limit Information

​Best Practices

​Testing

​Related Middlewares

Overview

Installation

Quick Start

Configuration

Options

Examples

Basic Rate Limiting

Custom Rate and Interval

With Burst

Rate Limit by API Key

Rate Limit by User

Skip Certain Requests

Custom Error Handler

Disable Headers

Different Limits for Different Routes

Tiered Rate Limits

Custom Store

Response Headers

API Reference

Functions

Store Interface

RateLimitInfo

Token Bucket Algorithm

Technical Details

Token Bucket Implementation

In-Memory Store

Rate Limit Information

Best Practices

Testing

Related Middlewares